He achieved an alliance with the enemy Ayamarca tribe to fight the powerful Chanca army much larger than the Incas at this time. However, he was unable to battle the Chancas because he was poisoned.
The first ruler of the Hanan dynasty. He left the Coricancha to the Hurin dynasty and moved to his own palace in the current Stone of the Twelve Angles of Cusco. It began with the construction of buildings in the city of Cusco. Yahuar Huaca was the seventh Inca ruler. The chronicles tell that as a child he was kidnapped by the Ayamarca tribe who spared his life by being surprised that he was crying blood.
He faced several wars and rebellions. It slightly expanded the territory although without being able to free itself from its fiercest enemies. He died without choosing his successor. Although he was not the son of Yahuar Huaca, he was elected governor for belonging to the royalty of the Hanan dynasty. He expanded the Inca territories to Yucay and Calca, where he built his palace. He fled from Cusco at the threat of the Chancas. There were mutual obligations, in which the local, non-Inca lord owed hospitality, protection, and military and sacred leadership to the local society, and the society owed its labor and allegiance in return.
On the other hand, there was nothing remotely as large as the Inca Empire, and they innovated in a variety of ways. For example, they moved around a large fraction of the population—somewhere in the range of three million people, maybe as many as five million. They did this by resettling people in agriculturally productive areas or in areas that were military hotspots. Or they broke groups up as a means of diffusing the potential for political insurrection.
The other thing the Incas did that was innovative but that also built on existing systems was to create a vast network of roads, some 40, kilometers according to John Hyslop, who's the leading expert on that.
They also built around 2, provincial way stations or administrative or production centers that were joined by those roads. So they essentially laid a structure of imperial rule on top of an existing system of local societies, and then tried to argue that it was really nothing more than the local community in a grand expansive pattern.
D'Altroy: When the Incas were originally forming their power base around Cuzco, they formed alliances with a variety of different ethnic groups through intermarriage, so that the Inca ruler would marry the daughter of a local ethnic leader and then would give one of his daughters in reciprocal marriage to that local leader.
So the Incas built themselves up using a combination of kinship and political alliances locally in this way. Once the empire got going, things worked a bit differently. The Inca emperor would marry the daughters of prestigious local lords and bring them in as part of his community. That was a way of essentially elevating the status of the subject lords. But the Incas did not give away their own princesses in the same way to ethnic lords.
We find, for example, that the last undisputed ruler of the empire, a man by the name of Huayna Capac, when he went to Ecuador sometime in the early 16th century and developed a new capital and carried out warfare, he took along 2, of his wives, leaving the other 4, in Cuzco!
What we see here is a very conscious strategy of marital alliance being used to solidify political relations. But it became increasingly one-sided as the Inca emperors developed more concentrated power. Q: In the end, did the Inca generally improve the lives of those they conquered or assimilated into the empire? D'Altroy: In some ways, life was much better under the Incas than it had been previously, and in other ways it was, of course, much worse. Let me give you a couple of examples of how things improved.
In the highlands, most of the population before the Inca peace lived in relatively high elevations, often in communities away from the most productive agricultural lands in the valley. When the Incas resettled the populations, an awful lot of that population abandoned the high-elevation settlements and moved into places that were more dispersed and more accessible to productive agricultural lands.
It made it easier for people to follow their agricultural strategies, to exploit, say, lower maize lands. It probably also had the impact of reducing infant mortality, because the mothers' diets were better, the children were no longer living in such cold environments, and the people weren't compressed into such nucleated communities. There are some indications that infant mortality rates decreased substantially under the Incas.
In fact, both the Incas and some subject peoples reported to the Spaniards that family size grew under Inca rule. In addition, there was a reduction in the amount of warfare at a local level. And some people, of course, got great privileges by collaborating with the state.
So in those senses, things certainly got better. On the other hand, there was a great trade-off. People owed two to three months of labor on an annual basis, and they lost some extremely valuable productive lands. A third of the population was moved from their traditional homelands into areas that were foreign to them, and they were not well received by the people into whose regions they were inserted.
Finally, of course, they lost their freedom and their political autonomy. So there were some benefits, but they were offset by substantial disadvantages. By and large, given the chance, people rejected Inca rule at their first opportunity, so we know which side of that equation they came down on. D'Altroy: That's a good question. We should think of wealth in maybe three or four different kinds among Andean peoples. According to McEwan, the Inca pantheon had an array of gods that included the creator god Viracocha, sun god Inti, thunder god Illapa and earth-mother goddess Pachamama, among others.
There were also regional deities worshipped by people whom the Inca conquered. The Inca gods were honored in many ways, including prayers, fasting and animal sacrifice, but the most powerful form of honor was human sacrifice, typically of children and teenagers.
In , archaeologists discovered the mummies of three children who had been left as sacrifices at a shrine near the summit of a volcano in Argentina. Research has revealed that, in the year before their sacrifice, the three consumed a special diet rich in maize and dried llama meat and were drugged with coca leaves and alcohol. In addition to these elite food products, other goods consumed in the Inca diet included sweet potatoes, quinoa , beans and chili peppers.
In exchange for labor, the Inca government was expected to provide feasts for the people at certain times of the year. With only a few exceptions, there were no traders in the Inca Empire. The Inca crafted magnificent objects from gold and silver, but perhaps their most striking examples of art were in the form of textiles. The Inca grew cotton, sheared wool and used looms to create their elaborate textiles.
The finest grade of cloth was called cumpi, and was reserved for the emperor and nobility. Inca stone-working abilities were also formidable. The empire reached its peak after the conquests of Emperor Huayna Capac, who reigned from until around Most Incas imagined the after world to be very similar to the Euro-American notion of heaven, with flower-covered fields and snow-capped mountains. It was important for the Inca to ensure they did not die as a result of burning or that the body of the deceased did not become incinerated.
This is because of the underlying belief that a vital force would disappear and this would threaten their passage to the after world. Human sacrifice has been exaggerated by myth, but it did play a role in Inca religious practices.
As many as 4, servants, court officials, favorites, and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca uayna Capac in , for example. The Incas also performed child sacrifices during or after important events, such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine. These sacrifices were known as capacocha. The Inca also practiced cranial deformation. They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns in order to alter the shape of their soft skulls into a more conical form; this cranial deformation distinguished social classes of the communities, with only the nobility having it.
The Inca Empire already faced instability due to the Inca Civil War, European diseases, and internal revolt when explorer Francisco Pizarro began the conquest of Inca territory. Learn about the contributing factors that allowed the Spanish explorers to overpower the Inca Empire and establish control of the region.
The Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro, along with a small military retinue, landed on South American soil around The Spanish recognized the wealth and abundance that could be had in this territory; at this point the Inca Empire was at its largest, measuring around , square miles. In Pizarro went back to Spain to ask for the official blessing of the Spanish crown to the conquer the area and become governor.
He returned with his blessings around and began the official takeover of the region. Although Pizarro had a small force behind him, many problems within the Inca Empire worked to his advantage between and It began to brew just one year after Pizarro first landed in the region. Around , the ruling Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, and his designated heir, Ninan Cuyochic, died of disease. It was most likely smallpox, which had quickly traveled down to South America after the arrival of Spanish explorers in Central America.
Inca Emperor Atahualpa: Although Atahualpa successfully won the Inca Civil War and ruled as emperor, he was soon captured by the Spanish and killed in Initially, Huascar captured the throne in Cusco, claiming legitimacy. However, Atahualpa had a keen military mind and close relations with the military generals at the time, and proved to be the deadlier force.
Atahualpa initially garnered favor with northern allies and built a new capital for his forces in Quito. This civil war left the population in a precarious position by the time it ended. Around the same time that Atahualpa seized the throne in , Pizarro returned to Peru with blessings from the Spanish crown. Because of the language barrier, the Inca rulers probably did not understand much of these demands, and the meeting quickly escalated to the Battle of Cajamarca.
This clash left thousands of native people dead. The Spanish also captured Atahualpa and kept him hostage, demanding ransoms of silver and gold. They also insisted that Atahualpa agree to be baptized. Although the Inca ruler was mostly cooperative in captivity, and was finally baptized, the Spanish killed him on August 29, , essentially ending the potential for larger Inca attacks on Spanish forces.
An engraved representation of the Battle of Cajamarca: This battle began in , leaving thousands of native people dead and ending with the capture of Atahualpa. Even though the Inca Civl War made it easier for the Spanish armies to gain control initially, many other contributing factors brought about the demise of Inca rule and the crumbling of local populations.
As scholar Jared Diamond points out, the Inca Empire was already facing threats:. After a failed attempt to recapture the city from greater Spanish rule during this time, Manco retreated to Vilcabamba and built the last stronghold of the Inca. The Inca continued to revolt against totalitarian Spanish rule until the year In that year the Spanish conquered Vilcabamba and killed the last Inca emperor, Tupac Amaru, after a summary trial. An image of the Spanish executing Tupac Amaru: The last Inca ruler, Tupac Amaru, was killed by Spanish forces in , effectively ending any potential for an Inca uprising.
The Spanish named this vast region the Viceroyalty of Peru and set up a Spanish system of rule, which effectively suppressed any type of uprising from local communities.
The Spanish system destroyed many of the Inca traditions and ways of life in a matter of years. Their finely honed agricultural system, which utilized tiered fields in the mountains, was completely disbanded.
The Spanish also enforced heavy manual labor taxes, called mita, on the local populations. In general, this meant that every family had to offer up one person to work in the highly dangerous gold and silver mines. If that family member died, which was common, the family had to replace the fallen laborer.
The Spanish also enforced heavy taxes on agriculture, metals, and other fine goods. The population continued to suffer heavy losses due to disease as Spanish rule settled into place.
0コメント