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Asked for the names of defense witnesses, Hutchinson offered three. Cotton did. Without question, the opinions of John Cotton mattered.
And if Anne had left things there, she might have gotten off with an admonishment, not a conviction for heresy. She began to lecture the court. God spoke only through ministers and Scripture, not directly to a woman. Hutchinson is deluded by the Devil. Anne was not done.
This had been the thing that has been the root of all the mischief. Of what, exactly, the court was less than clear. The finding seems to rest both on the heresy of claiming a revelation and sedition, in resisting the lawful authority of ministers. Winthrop summed up the proceedings and asked for a vote. One minister abstained. Hutchinson, the sentence of the court you hear is that you are banished from out of our jurisdiction as being a woman not fit for our society, and are to be imprisoned till the court shall send you away.
The General Court had sympathy enough for Hutchinson to allow her to remain in Massachusetts through the winter. She stayed, under house arrest, at a home in Roxbury. She took with her only clothes, a Bible, and a guide to medicinal plants. Where to go?
In March , William Hutchinson and 17 other men seeking a new, more religiously tolerant place, met in Boston. William Hutchinson and six other Compact signers headed south. Some years later, the new settlement of Portsmouth would become part of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. The influence of both Williams and Hutchinson is evident in the charter for the new colony—a place where all might worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience.
Before she could leave Massachusetts,. Meanwhile, Anne Hutchinson remained under arrest in Massachusetts, under orders to leave the colony before the end of March Before she would leave Massachusetts, however, she faced a church trial. Before the congregation of the Church of Boston, Anne was examined and excommunicated. In Rhode Island, Anne could speak freely, and she could again enjoy the company of her husband, children, and grandchildren. But her husband Will, the first governor of Rhode Island, died in at the age of In July , Anne was warned by Dutch neighbors that Siwanoy warriors were on their way and that she and her family should flee their farmstead.
But Anne put her trust in God. The warriors swept into Pellham Bay. They scalped Anne and six of her children, then burned down her house. What to make of the trial of Anne Hutchinson? First, the trial gave Anne the chance to address not only her entire colony, but posterity—an opportunity few women in the s could ever hope to enjoy.
Second, and perhaps more importantly, the trial led to a decision of the General Court in November might well have been wrong, but it helped lead to the birth of a nation where liberty would take on a new and more generous meaning. While the decision ended religious freedom for those in Massachusetts whose views differed from the approved theology, it led to an exodus of dissenters who helped create more tolerant societies elsewhere. In , a full charter was given to Rhode Island and Providence Plantation.
The charter guaranteed religious freedom for all persons. In no small measure, Anne Hutchinson helped chart the American course toward liberty. A chair was called for, and the trial continued.
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